NASA calls time on ISS-RapidScat

by Chris Bergin

NASA has decided to end operations on the International Space Station Rapid Scatterometer (ISS-RapidScat) Earth science instrument, following attempts to return to life after a power issue. Despite the conclusion of its life, the instrument had already surpassed its original decommissioning date.

ISS-RapidScat:

Flown to the ISS inside the Trunk of the CRS-4/SpX-4 Dragon, ISS-RapidScat was attached on the end of the Station’s Columbus laboratory, via the use of the Station’s robotic assets that are now well-versed in removing and installing hardware from the Dragon’s trunk.

Removing these payloads from the Dragon’s Trunk is specifically the responsibility of Canada’s space robot, Dextre (SPDM).

Once it completed checkout operations, it began its life studying the Earth’s ocean surface wind speed and direction, returning a lost capability when the SeaWinds scatterometer aboard NASA’s then 10-year-old QuikScat satellite experienced an age-related antenna failure.

2016-11-28-223915ISS-RapidScat was a low-cost project, assembled from spare components left over from the development of QuikScat and ADEOS II.

The data gathered helped build climate models and improving weather forecasts, including hurricane and typhoon monitoring.

It also measured of wind speed and direction over the ocean surface, with the data used by agencies worldwide for weather and marine forecasting and tropical cyclone monitoring.

Its location on the space station made it the first space-borne scatterometer that could observe how winds evolve throughout the course of a day.

“As a first-of-its-kind mission, ISS-RapidScat proved successful in providing researchers and forecasters with a low-cost eye on winds over remote areas of Earth’s oceans,” said Michael Freilich, director of NASA’s Earth Science Division.

2014-08-09 16_04_43-ISS-RapidScat - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory“The data from ISS-RapidScat will help researchers contribute to an improved understanding of fundamental weather and climate processes, such as how tropical weather systems form and evolve.”

The agencies that routinely used ISS-RapidScat’s data for forecasting and monitoring operations include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Navy, along with European and Indian weather agencies. It provided more complete coverage of wind patterns far out to sea that could build into dangerous storms. Even if these storms never reach land, they can bring devastating wave impacts to coastal areas far away.

“The unique coverage of ISS-RapidScat allowed us to see the rate of change or evolution in key wind features along mid-latitude storm tracks, which happen to intersect major shipping routes,” added Paul Chang, Ocean Surface Winds Science team lead at NOAA’s Center for Satellite Applications and Research.

“ISS-RapidScat observations improved situational awareness of marine weather conditions, which aid optimal ship routing and hazard avoidance, and marine forecasts and warnings.“

During its mission, ISS-RapidScat also provided new insights into research questions such as how changing winds over the Pacific drove changes in sea surface temperature during the 2015-2016 El Niño event. Due to its unique ability to sample winds at different times of day, its data will be useful to scientists for years to come.

The end of its life was dictated by power failures. The first came on August 19, when a power distribution unit for the space station’s Columbus module failed, resulting in a power loss to ISS-RapidScat.

Later that day, as the mission operations team from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, attempted to reactivate the instrument, one of the outlets on the power distribution unit experienced an electrical overload. In the following weeks, multiple attempts to restore ISS-RapidScat to normal operations were not successful, including a final attempt on Oct. 17.

NASA – in a release on Monday – noted it does not currently plan to launch another scatterometer mission. However, the loss of ISS-RapidScat data will be partially mitigated by the newly launched ScatSat ocean wind sensor, a mission of the Indian Space Research Organization.

2015-01-06 00_32_31-cats_on_iss_print.jpg (1024×1024)ISS-RapidScat was the first continuous Earth-observing instrument specifically designed and developed to operate on the International Space Station exterior. However, it was soon joined by The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS) which provide cost-effective measurements of atmospheric aerosols and clouds in Earth’s atmosphere.

CATS was launched – like ISS-RapidScat – in the belly of the Dragon’s trunk on the following mission (CRS-5).

Two more instruments are scheduled to launch to the space station in 2017 – one that will allow scientists to monitor the ozone layer’s gradually improving health, and another to observe lightning over Earth’s tropics and mid-latitudes. Following that, two additional Earth science instruments are scheduled for launch in 2018 and 2019.

ISS-RapidScat was a partnership between JPL and the International Space Station Program Office at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, with support from the Earth Science Division of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Other mission partners include the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida and its Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama; the European Space Agency; and SpaceX.

NASA collects data from space, air, land and sea to increase our understanding of our home planet, improve lives and safeguard our future. NASA develops new ways to observe and study Earth’s interconnected natural systems with long-term data records. The agency freely shares this unique knowledge and works with institutions around the world to gain new insights into how our planet is changing.

(Images via NASA).

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